Freethought of the Day

William Shatner

On this date in 1931, actor William Alan Shatner was born in Montréal, Québec, to Anne (née Garmaise) and Joseph Shatner, a clothing manufacturer. His maternal grandparents were Jewish immigrants, as was his father. His paternal grandfather Sheldon Schattner anglicized the family name to Shatner.

He studied economics at McGill University in Montreal, where he graduated with a bachelor of commerce degree in 1952, then joined the National Repertory Theatre in Ottawa, where he trained as a classical Shakespearean actor. He was an understudy to Christopher Plummer in "Henry V" and made his Broadway debut in 1956 in Christopher Marlowe's "Tamburlaine the Great."

In 1959, he received good reviews in the role of a British artist in Hong Kong in the Broadway production of "The World of Suzie Wong." His first feature film role came in MGM's "The Brothers Karamazov" with Yul Brynner in 1958. Following were roles in "Judgment at Nuremberg" (1961) and "The Intruder" (1962).

The early '60s featured his many episodic TV roles, but the role that made Shatner famous (and brought a star in 1983 on the Hollywood Walk of Fame) was as Capt. James T. Kirk of the USS Enterprise in Gene Roddenberry's "Star Trek." It became a marketing franchise and an obsession for Trekkies enamored of its various movie and television iterations stretching into the 21st century.

He wrote books, fiction and nonfiction, and recorded albums about "Star Trek" and continued to act on TV, including as police Sgt. "T.J. Hooker" in that series (1982–86). His career acting credits by 2022 totaled 247, and he made numerous guest appearances on talk shows.

Shatner recorded a wake-up call in 2011 that was played for the crew of the space shuttle Discovery docked at the International Space Station. Backed by the theme from "Star Trek," it featured a voice-over based on his introduction to the series' opening credits: "Space, the final frontier ..." He flew into suborbital space in October 2021 at age 90, becoming the oldest person to fly to space. 

He married four times and had three daughters with his first wife, actress Gloria Rabinowitz Rand: Leslie (b. 1958), Lisabeth (b. 1960) and Melanie (b. 1964).

Asked in 2018 about his religious upbringing, Shatner said: "My father and mother had an observant religious life. They went to temple every Sabbath, prayed to God, and I was dragged along. I’m not religious, but I’m spiritual." (Sydney Morning Herald, Oct. 6, 2018)

"I probably am an animist,” he said, talking about the human-animal connection he wrote about as a longtime horse breeder in his book "Spirit of the Horse." (AP, June 16, 2017) "Emotionally I would like to believe there is a life after death. Intellectually ... I cannot accept the idea." (1968 interview with Bonnie Mallory, NBC-TV)

PHOTO: NBC publicity still of Shatner as Captain Kirk.

"My belief system is that when this is over, it's over. That you don't look down from heaven and wait for your loved ones to join you."

—Interview, Associated Press (March 9, 2006)

Compiled by Bill Dunn

© Freedom From Religion Foundation. All rights reserved.

Stephen Pearl Andrews

On this date in 1812, abolitionist Stephen Pearl Andrews was born in Templeton, Mass., the youngest of eight children of a Baptist minister and his wife. Andrews was educated at Amherst, studied law in Louisiana and moved with his bride to Houston with the intent to work to make Texas a "free" (anti-slavery) state. In 1843 he was mobbed and barely escaped with his life. He lectured against slavery in England, seeking help from the British Anti-slavery Society. By 1847 he had moved to New York, where he became an expert in phonography.

Reputedly studying more than 30 languages, Andrews was considered the leading Chinese scholar in the U.S. and published "Discoveries in Chinese" in 1854. According to freethought biographer Samuel Putnam, Andrews proposed a "unity of law in the universe," a principle he felt applied to science, philosophy and language. Accordingly, Andrews invented a universal language, "Alwato."

The prolific tract writer, whose diverse subjects ranged from "Love, Marriage and Divorce" to "Ideological Etymology," was a regular contributor to the leading freethought newspaper The Truth Seeker. He was also the author of several books on labor and wage theory and individualist anarchism. (D. 1886)

"I reject and repudiate the interference of the State, precisely as I do the interference of the Church."

—Andrews, "The True Constitution of Government in the Sovereignty of the Individual" (1851)

Compiled by Annie Laurie Gaylor

© Freedom From Religion Foundation. All rights reserved.

Stephen Sondheim

On this date in 1930, composer and lyricist Stephen Joshua Sondheim was born in New York City to Etta (née Fox) and Herbert Sondheim, nonreligious Jewish parents. "As for religious instruction, Stephen Joshua Sondheim received none at all. He never had a bar mitzvah ceremony, he knew nothing about the observances of the Jewish calendar, and he did not enter a synagogue until he was nineteen years old." (From "Stephen Sondheim: A Life" by Meryle Secrest, 1998)

He apparently didn't speak or write publicly about his personal religious views, but his song lyrics are perhaps a good indicator. New York Times theater critic Stephen Holden wrote in April 2010 that "Now You Know" (excerpted in quote below) encapsulates "Sondheim’s skeptical worldview as tartly as anything the composer has written."

Sondheim's father manufactured medium-priced dresses. His mother was the firm's designer. His fascination with the theater started at age 9 when his father took him to see the Broadway musical "Very Warm for May."  (Time magazine, Dec. 7, 1987) Composed by Jerome Kern with libretto by Oscar Hammerstein II, it was their last Broadway pairing and featured "All the Things You Are," which became an American standard. 

Described by biographer Secrest as an isolated, emotionally neglected child, he moved at age 10 with his mother to a farm near Doylestown, Pa., after his parents divorced. Hammerstein was their neighbor. Serving as sort of a surrogate father, Hammerstein took him under his wing and helped inspire him to write music, critiquing his childish work and giving him invaluable pointers. Sondheim later majored in music at Williams College in Massachusetts and studied with composer Milton Babbitt. 

His songs range from singable show tunes such as "Send in the Clowns" to densely lyrical, operatic pieces. "Complex polyphony" (independent melodies working harmoniously together) is a phrase applied to some of his work. At age 25 he wrote the lyrics for the musical "West Side Story."

In 1959 he wrote the words to the musical "Gypsy." His first score as composer/lyricist was for "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" (1962), a successful musical farce. That was followed by many other musicals, including "Anyone Can Whistle" (1964), "Pacific Overtures" (1976), "Company" (1970), "Follies" (1971), "A Little Night Music" (1973), "Sweeney Todd" (1979), "Merrily We Roll Along" (1981), 1984's "Sunday in the Park with George" (honored with a rare-for-musicals Pulitzer Prize for Drama), "Into the Woods" (1987), "Assassins" (1999) and "The Frogs" (2004).

Sondheim has been described as introverted and solitary. In an interview with Frank Rich, he said, "The outsider feeling — somebody who people want to both kiss and kill — occurred quite early in my life." He once described his mother as "psychologically abusive" and became estranged from her, declining to attend her funeral in 1992.

He lived with dramatist Peter Jones for eight years in the 1990s, followed by a long relationship with Jeff Romley, whom he married in 2017. He died in Romley's arms of cardiovascular disease at home in Roxbury, Conn., at age 91. (D. 2021)

"It’s called flowers wilt / It’s called apples rot / It’s called thieves get rich / And saints get shot / It’s called God don’t answer prayers a lot / Okay, now you know."

—“Now You Know,” from the 1981 musical “Merrily We Roll Along”

Compiled by Annie Laurie Gaylor and Bill Dunn

© Freedom From Religion Foundation. All rights reserved.